Post-Holocaust Commemoration and Revitalization: Displaced Persons Camps; Refugees and Emigration; Postwar Trials; Israel Statehood

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  Communique Addressed to Colonel Paul A. Roy from Former Prisoners of the Now Liberated Camp Dachau

  2021.1.35

  Typewritten letter in English addressed to “Colonel Roy Coo. Camp Dachau” and signed and stamped by five organizations

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  The Dachau concentration camp, located ten miles from Munich was liberated on April 29, 1945 by the U.S. Seventh Army, 45th Infantry Division. Established in 1933, Dachau had been Nazi Germany’s longest running concentration camp, holding political prisoners, homosexuals, Roma and Sinti and Jehovah’s Witnesses as well as Jews. Under Commandant Theodor Eicke’s brutal administration, Dachau became the training center for SS guards and the model for all other concentration camps in the Third Reich.

  In the waning days of the war, as the Allies were closing in on the Germans, Dachau became a depository of prisoners form other camps. Prisoners endured marches or were piled into freight trains, their ranks attenuated by starvation, exhaustion, and hypothermia. By the time the survivors arrived in Dachau, the overcrowding conduced to outbreaks of typhus. Just days before the Americans arrived, thousands of prisoners from Dachau’s main camp were forcibly evacuated on a death march southward to Tegernsee. When American forces finally arrived, they discovered railroad cards filled with decomposing bodies, and more than 30,000 starving survivors.

  During the summer of 1945, Colonel Paul A. Roy became Allied commander of the liberated Dachau. In this communique of July 11, 1945 addressed to Colonel Roy, three months after liberation and just beginning the long road to recovery, the former prisoners are responding to receiving an order that they would be evacuated to other camps, an order that was met with swift anger and disbelief. Representatives of the various national groups of former prisoners importune Colonel Roy to understand their plight, to “enter our minds for a moment and think and feel with us?,,, It took much to live through the tyranny that was our lot…liberation was a disappointment. The barbed wires remain and the guard at the gate still plays an important role in our lives…And now we are on the move again. To another camp! And what then?... another stopping place on this dreadful road to freedom…It is the story of sudden movement, indifferent authorities, pleadings, interventions and disappointments…We refuse to move… we are tired and broken and are with little hope - we can not (sic) comply with this order. Give us our homes and we will gladly leave, until then give us a bit of peace.”

  The document is signed by representatives of the various national “prisoners” groups: Hungarians, Romanians, Greeks, Poles, and other groups not organized by nationality and addresses.

  Colonel Roy was in fact acutely sensitive to what these former prisoners had experienced at the hands of the Germans. He had written that they were “degraded and depressed and systematically starved”… were “suffering from deficiency diseases, tuberculosis, typhus”…”those charged with helping them had to have the utmost patience and understanding.”

  Dachau may indeed have been liberated, but prisoners were still to be housed here for some months afterwards. The black typhus epidemic took a major toll on the population. Soon, however, prisoners would be moved to “displaced persons” camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy, or released. Dachau would be used to confine war criminals, and it would host the Dachau trials for prisoners - military and civilian - accused of war crimes.

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  Auschwitz Narrative of Katharina Lorbeer

  2019.2.27a-h

  "PROTOKOLL" in black print and underlined in upper left corner, eight pages, two holes punched in left side, "NR. 13. VII. 1945" in black print and underlined in upper right corner.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Copy of a post-WWII narrative given in German by a Slovakian woman Katharina Lorbeer to the Hungarian National Committee for Attending Deportees, describing her deportation to Auschwitz, and her experiences there. She is transported to Auschwitz by railcar in April 1942. Beaten by SS guards as the prisoners exit the train, Lorbeer and fellow prisoners are marched across the men’s section of the camp to the women’s barracks. All belongings are confiscated save one dress and underwear. Along with other women from Slovakia, she is tattooed, her hair is shorn, and her remaining clothes confiscated. She receives lice-ridden uniforms taken from executed Russian soldiers along with wooden shoes. They are taken out to the central yard for roll call, which lasts until past midnight. Lorbeer and her fellow inmates are put to work loading sand onto railcars. She does this for six months, guarded by Jewish “kapos” from the Ravensbruck concentration camp. Rumors persist that they will soon be sent to brothels at the front for German soldiers. In December, they are tasked with carrying bricks for the construction of a new crematorium. She describes a visit by SS chief Heinrich Himmler in December of 1942, in whose honor 50 randomly selected male prisoners are hanged. Lorbeer states that while the camp commander had allowed the prisoners to wear shoes to protect against the bitter cold, Himmler stated that “there is no good or bad weather for inmates,” and decreed that prisoners are to always work shoeless regardless of weather conditions. Moved to the subcamp of Birkenau, Lorbeer finds no latrines, dirt floors in the barracks, and miserable conditions in general. She is in “sumpfkommand” (“swamp commando”) draining the surrounding marshlands. With no access to drinking water, she is forced to rely on water from the swamp, into which the SS guards regularly dump truckloads of ash from the crematorium. Such conditions make diseases such a typhus common. Lorbeer describes the selection of prisoners to be executed in the gas chambers, early in 1943 as 35,000 women in the camp are gathered in the courtyard at two in the morning, as SS doctors Mengele, and others gather by the gate. The prisoners are made to pass through the gate with their hands outstretched, and any prisoner with reddened palms or demonstrating any kind of limp is selected for immediate execution. Only 5,000 women pass muster. Such selections continue daily, although Birkenau is slowly expanded and gains a proper sewer system, leading to improved hygiene. By this time, however, Lorbeer reports that veteran inmates like herself have become apathetic and sluggish and would be happy to be selected to put an end to their misery. Lorbeer recounts the rumors of horrific medical experiments being performed in Block 10 of Auschwitz, especially on new arrivals. With the advance of the Soviet Army in January 1945, the prisoners are evacuated on a forced march to Ravensbruck, during which hundreds of prisoners starve to death or are shot by guards. From Ravensbruck, they are transported to the subcamp of Retzow. Lorbeer and her companions hide from a further transport from Retzow and are eventually liberated by Red Army soldiers on May 1st, 1945. Of the 15,000 Slovakian women transported in 1942, only 300 survive.

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  Postwar Plight of Berlin Jewish Family

  2014.1.306

  Front: Black and white photograph. A man is on the left side putting on his shoes. Six daughters spread out through the rest of the picture, several helping each other get dressed. One makes the bed. Back:Taped on press release, 'Berlin, Germany ...... An early morning scene in the attic quarters in the Jewish sector of Berlin where the Weber family live, eat and sleep. The father, 54-year-old Alexander Weber, is not a Jew, but he married a Jewess. The look of stark tragedy is clearly marked on his face as he dresses. His wife helped some Jewish friends from the Nazis ans was taken off to the dreaded camp at Auschwitz where she was put to death in the gas chamber on December 1, 1943. Weber lives here with his six daughter [sic] and 17-year-old son who has already departed for work. (v) 9-25-45'.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  A family attempting to adjust to the devastation of post-war Berlin. Much of the city was laid waste from allied bombing, and thus uninhabitable. We do not know if Mr. Weber had been living in attic quarters with his family throughout the war, possibly to hide his Jewish wife who was murdered in 1943 at Auschwitz, or if this became his family’s accommodations after the city of Berlin was devastated by Allied air campaigns. While the reporter is understandably focused on Mr. Weber’s “look of stark tragedy,” i.e., his impassive stare, he seems to bypass how the children have grown with the changed circumstances of their lives and do not have the “look”: one of the girls is helping her younger sister, one is making the bed, two are dressing for the day. Another of the older children appears to be wearing her mother’s apron, perhaps to attend to breakfast for the family.

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  Pierre Laval at Trial

  2014.1.364

  Front: Image of Laval with his arms outstreched. Paragraph of text below reads, '(NY15-Oct.4) LAVAL AT TRIAL --Former French Prime Premier Pierre Laval (above) addresses teh court in Paris where he is on trial for his life on charges of attacking the security of the state and having intelligence with the enemy. Photo by Associated Press photographer B.I. Sanders. (See wire story) (AP Wirephoto via radio from Paris today)'. Back: Associated Press stamp.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Pierre Laval was Premier of France from 1931-1932 and Premier of the Vichy government during the German occupation from 1942-1944, after which it was abolished. Laval was an enthusiastic collaborator with the Nazis, going so far as to express his desire that Germany emerge from its war with France victorious. He facilitated the roundup of Jewish emigres, including Jewish children, and arranged for the Vel d’Hiv sports arena roundup in which more than 13, 000 Jews were arrested and deported. He ordered the Milice under Joseph Darnand to cooperate with the Nazis, which they did with unbridled enthusiasm - utilizing rape, torture, and other acts of violence on Jews and members of the resistance. 25,000 Jews were sent to ghettos and concentration camps. After the war, Laval was tried for treason, convicted, and faced the firing squad in 1945 for his crimes.

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  Envelope from Concentration Camp Survivor to Nuremberg Tribunal

  2021.1.31

  Red handwritten envelope with many stamps and a red “x” crossing over the cover

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Rare registered cover sent from the hospital of the St. Ottilien displaced persons’ camp, in all probability from a concentration camp survivor, to the International Tribunal in Nuremberg. From cancels on the cover, the enclosed letter was sent to Nuremberg on Nov. 21, 1945, and received at the Nuremberg Court or International Tribunal the next day. Letters from concentration camp survivors typically contained personal experiences of Nazi atrocities which were utilized in the prosecution of Nazi officials for war crimes.

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  Testimony About Experiments in Concentration Camps

  2012.1.526a-g

  Torn typewritten pages in English, each with an identifying number on bottom right. About experiments performed at Dachau, Mauthausen, Buchenwald, Auschwitz, Natzweiler and Ravensbruck.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Torn typewritten pages in English, each with an identifying number, relating to experiments performed at a number of concentration camps including Dachau, Mauthausen, Buchenwald, Auschwitz, Natzweiler and Ravensbruck, in all probability for the Doctors’ Trial in Nuremberg. The documents themselves state that they are predicated on witness reports, interrogations, and documentary evidence. They establish the kinds of inhumane and illegal - by any standard except those of a criminal organization like the Nazis - “experiments” performed on involuntary prisoner subjects. Such research was approved by Heinrich Himmler. The report states that many suggest “sadistic and obscene motives.” Emphasis is placed in these documents on the types of “experiments” conducted by Sigmund Rascher, an ambitious SS doctor with the Luftwaffe who performed with his unwitting and involuntary inmate subjects high altitude, freezing, and coagulation experiments with attendant prolonged agony and eventual death of the subjects. Other inhumane procedures performed by Nazi doctors included liver punctures and inoculation of malaria in which healthy patients were injected with the blood of malaria-afflicted patients. As well, castration experiments were performed with 18-21-year-old boys at Auschwitz. Several of the doctors mentioned in these pages were also involved in the T4 program.

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  Proceedings for Cross-Examination Regarding Concentration Camp Experiments

  2012.1.530a-c

  Thin paper with typewritten cross-examination questions regarding concentration camp experiments. Each page has an identifying number on the bottom right.

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  Seigneur Ouvre mes Levres [Lord Open my Lips, Psalms 51:15] Mimeographed Prayer Book in French and Hebrew

  2016.1.24

  Cover: Image of two men reading Torah; Interior: 41 acidic pages typewritten in French and Hebrew with some illustrations.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  A book of prayers and meditative texts, some from secular and non-Jewish sources for use by children cared for after WWII in the home run by the French-Jewish Scouts Movement (EIF). These children had been saved from deportation to the death camps by the villagers of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon and residents of surrounding villages, led by Pastor André Trochmé and his wife Magda. These villagers provided shelter, forged IDs and helped some escape to Switzerland, ultimately providing refuge for approximately 3,000 Jewish children in flight from the Nazis and their Vichy minions during 1940-1944. This communal effort was not without tragedy: the Germans raided one school in 1943 and sent five Jewish children to Auschwitz where they were murdered. André Trochmé’s cousin Daniel, a teacher was also arrested and deported to Majdanek where he was murdered. And the town’s physician who was active in securing false papers for Jews was arrested and shot in August 1944. The villagers were recognized by Yad Vashem collectively as Righteous Among the Nations.

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  Copy of Press Photo of Fede at Spezia, Italy Dock with Jewish Refugees

  2016.1.35

  Image of ship with the following text below: “(NY7-May 3) REFUGEE SHIP – The motorship Fede stands by at the dock at La Spezia, Italy, April 19 while Jewish refugees await British government permission to leave for Palestine. Some of the refugees are on board the ship, and others are on the dock. (AP Wirephoto) (KCH61245ROME-STG) 1946.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  The Fede stands by at the dock at La Spezia, Italy, April 19, 1946, while more than a thousand Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe await British government permission to leave for Palestine. Some of the refugees are on board the ship, and others are on the dock. The Delegation for the Assistance of Jewish Emigrants (DELASEM) working in Italy helped organize the emigration, but it took a hunger strike to break the British blockade.

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  Hebrew/English Round Cachet from the Ship Fede in La Spezia

  2019.2.256

  Envelope with four lines of writing near top, “REPATRIATION SHIP ‘DOV HOS’ ‘FEDE’ stamped in center in black ink.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Since the British refused to allow Jewish refugees from displaced persons (DP) camps into Mandatory Palestine after the Holocaust in Europe, clandestine efforts were undertaken to smuggle them in. Known as the Aliyah Bet, Jews were transported from collection points to ports on the Mediterranean from which ships were readied to transport the refugees to Palestine. Most of these immigrant ships were unable to penetrate the British naval patrols, and passengers were forced to disembark in British-run detention centers on Cyprus, Mauritius, or Atlit.

  One such vessel attempting to carry Jewish DPs to Palestine was the Fede. In the Spring of 1946, 1,014 refugees were transported to the port of La Spezia to sail to Palestine. The British learned in advance of the Fede’s intentions and set up a blockade. The passengers responded with a hunger strike and a threat to blow the Fede up. The British offered a second ship for half of the passengers on board Fede. Both ships were renamed after fallen Haganah leaders. The Fede became the Dov Hos; the Phoenicia became the Eliahu Golomb. The refugees refused to debark for three more weeks before the British relented, agreeing to allow all passengers to enter Palestine.

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  Gisella Pearl

  2014.1.469

  Front: Black and white photograph of a smiling woman holding three infants.Back: Pasted news release from ACME.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Gisella Pearl (1907-1988) was a Romanian Jewish gynecologist who was deported along with her family to Auschwitz, where she lost her husband, son, and parents. She worked as a doctor within the camp, helping the inmates through their disease and discomfort, which she had to do without bare necessities like antiseptics and clean water. She is most famous, however, for saving the lives of hundreds of mothers by aborting their pregnancies, as pregnant mothers were often beaten and killed, or used by Mengele for vivisections. She was eventually granted U.S. citizenship in 1951, but not before being interrogated under suspicion of human rights abuses in assisting Nazi doctors in Auschwitz. Ultimately vindicated, Dr. Pearl began work as a gynecologist in New York, where she delivered around 3,000 babies and became an expert in infertility treatment.

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  Questionnaire Completed by Captive of U.S. Army

  2015.2.186

  Front: Tan paper with printed text in German and English on top. Beneath is a numbered questionaire with questions in German and printed dotted lines. Includes two charts. Information written in with cursive black ink.Interior:Both pages include printed text and charts filled in with black cursive ink. Back:Printed text and a chart filled in with cursive black ink. Herzog's signature in black on lower left, and another signature in purple pencil on bottom.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Questionnaire - in English and German language - completed on May 22, 1946 by a captive German, Peter Herzog, a member of the SA who fought with the Waffen-SS. Mr. Herzog was born in Fürth/Bavaria in 1914. He became a member of the Nazi Party in 1932; his membership number was 1041667. In 1932, he became a member of the SA and attained the rank of Scharführer. In February of 1945 he was drafted into the Waffen-SS. His rank was SS-Sturmmann. He was also a member of the DAF and NSV. In 1931, he began to work with the German Reich railroad. Between 1936 and 1938 he was in the "Reichswehr," where he got his military education. During WWII, he fought in the Ukraine. In 1945, he was captured by American troops.

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  Birth Announcement from Displaced Persons Camp St. Otillien, Bavaria

  2015.2.69

  Tan piece of paper initially folded in half with tape on top, side and bottom. Typewritten message in black. Purple writing on left side. Signature in blue at bottom with blue Political Prisoner cross hand stamp.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Typed document in German confirming that a daughter Rachela was born to Jakob Maler and wife Sara Grunspan Maler, 22 June 1946 in the D.P. Hospital St. Otillien. Signed by a Dr. Viducinsky in St. Otillien's hospital. Stamped with central blue cross, surrounded by "D.P. Hospital 2004A for Former Political Prisoner." St. Ottilien in Bavaria, near Munich, was utilized as a hospital and D.P. camp from April 1945 until November 1948, and was located in the U.S. Zone.

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  Temporary Registration Permit in the Jewish Displaced Persons Community of Furstenfeldbruck, Germany Issued by Allied Military Government of Germany to Szymon Graus

  2022.1.10

  Form with fields completed by typewriter as well as signatures and fingerprint in purple ink.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Mr. Graus, 27 years of age, employed Holocaust survivor, is registered as a resident of 51 Dachauerstrasse in the town of Furstenfeldbruck and is “prohibited from leaving the place designated.” Signed by both Captain J.B. Cunningham, US Army, Military Government Officer, and Mr. Graus, with the latter’s fingerprint also prominent.

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  Nuremberg Trials Evidence Analysis

  2015.2.190abc

  Description: Filmsy, tan papers with two hole punches on the left side. Upper right of each page has damage from exposure to paperclip, as well as blackness. Each is typewritten in English.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Three contemporary copies of reports by Nuremberg investigator Henry Sachs on behalf of the U.S. Counsel, Nuremberg, Aug. 8, 1945. These are essentially summaries of evidentiary documents. 1) A letter by Wolfram Sievers of the Ahnenerbe Society, addressed to Dr. Rudolf Brandt, on methods of securing skulls of Jews for "scientific" research at the Reich University of Strassburg. In another attachment by Dr. August Hirt, it is proposed that after preliminary work is done, photographs and measurements taken, and personal information on the prisoners gathered, the heads should be kept undamaged and sent in sealed tins with preserving fluid for future research. 2) A letter from Wolfram Sievers to Rudolf Brandt reminding the latter that - on Himmler's orders - Prof. Hirt should get what he needs for his anthropological research, citing 150 Jewish skeletons needed for Hirt's "experiments" to be arranged at Auschwitz. 3) Reference to a letter from Sievers to Brandt marked "Top Secret" in which Sievers asks for direction as to disposition of the collection assembled by Dr. Hirt and the fact that "defleshing of the corpses has not been completed" due to the "vast amount of work" associated with the "research" that Hirt was performing.

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  Postcard from German Prisoner of War Imprisoned in Former Concentration Camp, Dachau, to his Wife

  2019.2.250

  Green paper with ‘PRISONER OF WAR POST CARD’ at center top; reverse has printed lines with handwritten message.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Dachau was Germany’s longest operating concentration camp, opened by Himmler in 1933. Under Theodore Eicke’s brutal administration, Dachau became the planned paradigm of gratuitous terror, cruelty and murder, and a training facility for prospective guards for all concentration camps for Jews, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, “criminals,” and assorted “enemies of the state.” Dachau was liberated April 29, 1945 by American troops, and ironically, converted into an internment/prison camp for Nazi criminals, former concentration camp guards, etc.

  Rudolf Schur, the imprisoned POW, writes on September 27, 1946 to his wife Gertrud in Karlsruhe that after “crisscrossing Germany” he has been in Dachau since September 25, and hopes to be with her in the next few days: “only days separate us.” This card was examined by a U.S. military censor.

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  Rudolf Emil Herman Brandt Testimony

  2012.1.529a-c

  Torn, thin paper with typewritten information

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Torn, thin paper with typewritten information regarding Rudolf Emil Herman Brandt's testimony at the Doctors’ Trial in Nuremberg against physicians and/or administrators accused of “crimes against humanity” for organizing and/or participating in medical procedures and experiments on prisoners and civilians. Brandt would be executed in 1948.

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  Correspondence From Austrian Displaced Persons Camp

  2012.1.170

  Brown envelope with five stamps and censor tape addressed to Dr. Kornfeld from Polly R. Weissalz. Sent from an Austrian displaced persons camp after World War II.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Correspondence from Austrian displaced persons camp, 1946. Brown envelope with five stamps and censor tape addressed to Dr. Kornfeld of the American Federation of Polish Jews in NYC from Polly R. Weissalz, sent from Austrian DP camp Bindermichel after World War II.

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  "Carta d'Identita" (Identity Card) for Helena Harnisch-Szapira

  2012.1.89

  Cream-colored booklet with green decoration. Titled, "Regno d'Italia Comvne di Fano Carta d'Identita" with serial number 14.520.555. Interior includes typewritten biographical information and a black and white photograph of an older woman.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: An identity card for Helena Harnisch-Szapira, a Polish Jew able to escape to Italy.

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  Staff Evidence Analysis Chief of Counsel for War Crimes U.S. Army

  2012.1.531ab

  Tan page with typewritten information regarding German soldiers. Titled, "Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes."

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Document (copy) relating to interrogation of Dr. Friedrich Schlegel concerning the shooting of prisoners in the Soldau camp. He claims these shootings were ordered by (Otto) Rasch ultimately under (Reinhard) Heydrich’s orders, including shooting of a Polish officer. “Mentally defective prisoners” sent to Soldau were also murdered.

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  Letter from Prague Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Czech and Moravian-Siles Countries

  2021.1.32

  Typewritten letter with the header of “Rada Židovskych Náboženskych Obcí v Zemích České A Moravskoslezské”

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Signed letter confirming the death of Ella Zenkerova, born May 15, 1908, whose last residence was Bechyne in Czechoslovakia. Mrs. Zenkerova had been transported to Terezin on November 12, 1942 and on January 20, 1943 she was transported to Auschwitz where she perished.

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  Refugee Sisters Find New Home

  2014.1.95

  Front: An image of two refugee sisters, Hela and Ester Feld. Verso: A stamped date and handwritten information about the image.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  AP Wirephoto with information recto: "A NEW WORLD--Orphaned sisters Hela, 11, and Ester Feld, 14, beam with joy as they start on the first stage of their journey from an IRO-administered center at Aglasterhausen, Germany, to their new home in Toronto, Canada. The Polish-born Jewish orphans fled with their parents to Russia when the Germans invaded Warsaw. The parents died in 1942. The children are enroute to the home of a Mrs. Rotman of 228 Palmerston Avenue, Toronto."

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  Nuremberg Trials Publication: Concentration Camps

  2012.1.542

  Book with brown cover, with title, "Konzentrationslager" by Eugène Aroneau. Interior includes text in German and black and white photographs of concentration camps and victims.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:

  Official Nuremberg Trials publication by Eugène Aroneanu entitled Concentration Camps, subtitled Arbeitsgeminschaft “Das Licht" (Germany, CA. 1947). The German text, apparently entered as "Document F321" in the Nuremberg Trials, concerns deportations, all aspects of camp life, forced labor, medical experiments, lists of camps and officers, etc.

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  Post-WWII Temporary Travel Document in Lieu of Passport Issued by the Military Government of Germany to Israel and Helena Elbaum Dorembus

  2019.2.244

  Booklet with print and lines in green, “MILITARY GOVERNMENT FOR GERMANY” printed at top of cover, “IZRAEL DOREMBUS” written near bottom below “00908” printed in black ink, 25 pages. [Page 10-23 blank]

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Israel and Helena Elbaum Dorembus were originally from Poland. Helena is known for her diary, “Through Helpless Eyes: A Survivor’s Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising” about her life in hiding during the Holocaust. She had been sheltered by Polish Christians in Warsaw. She describes, for example, “…neighbors returning from town…tell(ing) of hundreds of dead Germans, wrecked tanks and wounded, frightened soldiers being taken to hospitals. Mrs. Zaleski seems to gloat as she praises the Jews for their heroism.” Dorembus describes a scene on the ‘Aryan’ side after the Germans had set the ghetto on fire. “A Jewish mother is seen leaping to her death from the third-story window of a burning building holding her little son. A Polish woman among the crowd cries out: ‘Jesus, Jesus, have mercy. After all, they are human beings.’ The woman covers her eyes with her hands.”

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  Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression: Opinion and Judgement

  2019.2.251

  Beige soft cover book with black ink stamp of a hand holding scales surrounded by the words “Nuremberg International Military Trials” and a red ink stamp that reads, “archive copy” on the cover.

  Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Soft cover manual outlining the case against the surviving leaders of Nazi Germany. The tribunal consisted of prosecutors from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union.