Concentration camps were a feature of the Nazi state from its inception. The first camps were initially used for detaining political prisoners deemed “enemies of the state”: communists, trade unionists, Jews and other dissidents. In short order, the list included homosexuals, alcoholics and Jehovah’s Witnesses. Prisoners were taken into “protective custody” to be “reeducated.” No term limits were given for their sentence. Dachau, founded in 1933, was the first major concentration camp. Himmler – in his role of head of the SS – appointed Theodor Eicke as camp commandant. Eicke would create in Dachau the brutal, inhumane paradigm for all Nazi camps to follow. While the number of Jews placed in concentration camps increased after the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, World War II was to be a major turning point: the number of camps to accommodate ghettoized Jews increased and the intended purpose of the camps changed from one of exploitation of prisoners who were able to work to the industrial scale murder of Jews with the goal being the “final solution to the Jewish problem.”
Forced labor was a significant aspect of all concentration camps. Prisoners were compelled to work under harsh, punitive conditions from early morning until late in the day. Each workday was preceded by a mandatory roll call - the Appel - in which prisoners would stand at attention for hours waiting for their numbers to be called irrespective of weather conditions before marching off to work. At day’s end the exhausted prisoners would undergo yet another roll call. Fainting in this absurd ritual often meant being executed on the spot. Treks to the worksite in inadequate and ill-fitting clothes and shoes would themselves exhaust the prisoners before they even began their workday. This daily routine was meant to humiliate and terrify the prisoners, much like the work itself. Prisoners often perished within weeks or months from malnourishment, psychological stress, overwork and disease.
The mass murder of Jews by mobile Einsatzgruppen firing squads began in earnest in June 1941 as part of Operation Barbarossa. However, this method of “murder by bullets” (Father Patrick Desbois) would prove both impractical and emotionally taxing even for some of the SS, creating the need for “efficiencies” by bringing Jews from ghettos and cities to stationary killing sites located near railroad tracks to make victim transport easier. Six camps (Chelmno, Sobibor, Belzec, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz) were built with the express purpose of murdering Jews, improving upon the more primitive technology utilized in Hitler’s T-4 “euthanasia” program to murder German citizens who were disabled or emotionally disturbed: the so-called “unworthy of life.” Gassing in chambers disguised as showers would supersede other less efficient methods, such as starvation, injection of sedatives, or carbon monoxide poisoning.
Auschwitz would evolve into the epitome of the hybrid camps, constituting a concentration camp to hold and punish prisoners deemed enemies of the Nazi state; an extermination camp (Birkenau or Auschwitz 2); and a series of forced or slave labor camps (e.g., Buna-Monowitz) providing cheap dispensable labor to factories and businesses serving the German war effort. At the height of operations, the lethal insecticide Zyklon B was utilized in chambers attached to crematoria that could asphyxiate more than 4,000 Jews per day, an improvement over earlier carbon monoxide technology for murdering Jews. More than one million Jews perished in these chambers. As a slave or forced labor camp, Auschwitz comprised subcamps located near factories and industrial sites to provide cheap slave labor producing goods for the Third Reich. For example, Buna, also known as Auschwitz III or Monowitz, was a subcamp utilizing slave labor for the I.G. Farben Industries to make synthetic rubber. The SS would sell Jews to I.G. Farben, and the latter would profit from a never-ending supply of cheap labor. Conditions were horrid. Prisoners who perished from starvation, disease, and overwork would be replaced by new prisoners. Aircraft factories, mines, and other war material plants took advantage of proximity to concentration camps to profit from the cheap labor of prisoners.
--Michael D. Bulmash, K1966
Browse the Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection.
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The Crematory (The Place of the Revolt of 1943)
2014.1.342
Front: Photo of nine figures in front of the Crematory. Captions in English, Russian and French. Back: Blank space for address. Typed caption reading "Series 1: The Concentration Camp, Oswiecim' [Auschwitz].
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
This real-photo postcard commemorates - in Russian, French and English - a prisoner mutiny at the Auschwitz crematorium in 1943 against SS and prison guards. There were several such revolts -typically unsuccessful and with massive reprisals once the revolts were contained and the offenders captured or killed. The mutiny referred to probably refers to the 1943 transport from Bergen-Belsen. After the selection, these Jews were sent to the gas chambers. One woman seized the pistol of an SS guard and shot him and wounded another SS man. One died, the other was disabled. The mutiny was suppressed and the rest of the women were summarily killed.
The following year the Sonderkommando uprising occurred. One of the crematoria was set on fire, the SS guards were attacked, and a number of prisoners tried to escape. They were captured and killed. 250 died in this mutiny, and the four women who supplied the Sonderkommando were publicly hanged.
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Real-Photo Postcard of Christmas Gathering of Wehrmacht Soldiers
2016.1.13
Many men in uniform seated at tables, one standing at head of table
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Heinrich Himmler gave an infamous speech on October 4, 1943 in the town hall of Posen (Paznan in Polish) before 92 SS officers and group leaders. He extols the murder and ultimate extermination of the Jews and the Jewish race. Enjoining the men gathered in the room to not speak of this genocide, Himmler nevertheless sees exterminating the Jews as the Nazis' necessary historical mission, with no place for mercy or sentiment. Moreover, Himmler sees this as a "glorious chapter" in German history "which has never been written and shall never be written." Eventually segueing to the stickier issue of murdering Jewish children and women, he is clear that he does not want them to become avengers: a "difficult decision had to be made to have this people disappear from the earth." Himmler, who sees himself as the "political instrument to the Fuhrer", expects that the Jewish Question in its totality would be resolved by year's end. "We must be," he insists, "as SS men honest, decent and loyal to members of our own blood, and to no one else."
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Transport Order
2016.1.61
Front: ‘Krankenblatt’ in bold at top center, various boxes completed in pen and handstamps; Back: red ‘x’ through top portion, ‘Transport!’ in red with purple ‘SS’ handstamp
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Transport order to Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg Concentration Camp. An “Illness Sheet” for Albert Wollin of Altdamm, Poland, from the state hospital, documenting an occupational accident on May 24, 1943, with the official doctors’ signatures and stamps. Prospective end of illness is stated as June 15, 1943. On the back in red pencil, an SS officer has written “Transport!” on June 12 and signed with the SS insignia. Two stamps for “Concentration Camp Sachsenhausen Oranienburg…” are at the bottom of the document.
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Censored Postcard from Gerrid de Haas in Hertogenbosch to Judenrat (Joodsche Raad) in Amsterdam, Netherlands
2019.2.290
Postcard with two holes punched near top, “DRUKWERK” printed in bold, black print at top, addressed to “Gerrid de Haas. Back includes “Regu” in center.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Mr. Gerrid de Haas, prisoner at Hertogenbosch, acknowledges receipt of package. Hertogenbosch censor marking.
Hertogenbosch, also known as Vught, was a concentration camp located in Vught in the Netherlands. Vught and Natzweiler were the only two concentration camps run by the SS in Western Europe. Hertogenbosch was first utilized in 1943 to supplement the transit camps of Westerbork and Amersfoort before prisoners’ ultimate deportation to extermination centers such as Auschwitz and Sobibor, presuming they had not already perished due to hunger, physical abuse, illness, or murder.
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Censored Lettersheet from Jehovah’s Witness, Johanna Groen-van der Vijgh, in Ravensbruck Concentration Camp
2021.1.27
Lettersheet with green typewritten text and black handwritten script and a black mark slashing through the text
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Censored letter sheet from 1943 with both red censor stamp and green chemical censor from Johanna Groen-van der Vijgh to her father, Albert Hendrik van der Vijgh, in Amsterdam. The six-line letter sheet is clearly specific for Jehovah’s Witnesses, referred to derisively on reverse in green German script as “Bibelforscher” or “earnest bible researcher.” Johanna had been married to Aron Groen, a bicycle repairman from a Dutch Jewish family who had been deported to Auschwitz in 1942 and perished. Johanna would survive the war. Johanna’s sister Hendrika had been imprisoned in Ravensbruck as well, but was deported to Auschwitz in 1942 where, during that year, she perished.
[Related item: 2019.2.111]
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Mauthausen Camp Death Certificate
2012.1.3
Tan paper titled, "Konzentrationslager Mauthausen Kommandantur" with purple signature.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
A pair of certificates (2012.1.3, 2012.1.4) certifying the death of an inmate. The first, dated March 1940, states that John Metz, a forty-one-year-old prisoner, died of "chronic illness and a heart attack." The second document, dated January 20, 1943, notified Alexandra Rutkiewski that her husband perished of a "lung infection" and that his body was cremated. Even more insultingly, it states as well that a death certificate is available for 72 pfennigs. Of course, many of the inmates at Mauthausen were worked to death in the granite quarry while receiving only starvation rations. Prisoners were divided into two groups: one that hacked the granite and the other that carried the 100-pound slabs up the 186 steep steps to the top of the quarry. Regardless of the real cause of death, for SS "doctors," the official version was always euphemized to conceal the reality of "life" in this category-three camp where prisoners were subject to "vernichtung durch arbeit" (extermination through work). For all prisoners, life in Mauthausen meant "ruckkehr unerwunscht" (return not desired).
[Related item: 2012.1.4]
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J.A. Topf & Sohne Receipt
2012.1.56
Small paper with title, "Quittung." Includes several stamps and signatures, and a stamp on back.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Receipt from Topf and Sons, manufacturers of the crematoria. This receipt is for muffles for an oven for 200 Reichmarks.
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Report on Jewish Arrests in Lyon, France by Klaus Barbie
2014.1.458ab
A yellow folder, as well as a typewritten letter including red "Confidenciel" stamps.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
The subject of this document is the Union Générale des Israéliens de France de Lyon. Barbie reports the arrest of Jews on this date who were transported to the internment/transit camp at Drancy. He describes two Jews named Luxemburg and Driller who escaped from detention. "Their effects and objects of value were sent to Section I." Barbie's name appears at the bottom. The document in original folder with typed label on top tied by handstamp.
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Dachau Concentration Camp Waffen SS Unterscharfuehrer Envelope
2014.1.337
Front: 'SS-Feldpost' handstamp at top center; 'Dachau 3' ciruclar handstamp on right; Handwritten address. Back: Handwritten return address
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Feldpost Cover from SS Soldier working at the Dachau concentration camp, with Kommando Dachau sender line on the back, Waffen SS Verwaltung (Administration) Konzentrationslager Dachau cachet on the front, and Dachau 3 double-circle cancel.
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Military Document Describing the Arrest of Jews in Lyon, France, Ordered by Klaus Barbie
2014.1.456abc
A yellow folder and several sheets of typewritten information in German with red "confidenciel" stamps.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Klaus Barbie was an SS lieutenant and Gestapo member who personally tortured French Resistance prisoners and Jews while stationed in Lyon, France from 1942 to 1944. This two-page document concerns "dismantling" a Jewish committee, the Union Générale des Israéliens de France (U.G.I.F.) in Lyon. The documents describe the arrest of 86 Jews at Saint Catherine No. 12 Street of Lyons on February 9, 1943. The raid was ordered by Barbie. The Jews had helped themselves and others who wanted to escape to Switzerland by illegal passage. All detainees were arrested and searched. Forged documents were found. The 86 arrested Jews were transferred to a concentration camp (i.e.,Auschwitz). The document has handstamps in French indicating that it is "Confidential." Included with this document is the original folder with typed label on top tied by a handstamp. Barbie, also known as "The Butcher of Lyon," is responsible for personally torturing his prisoners: men, women and children. It is thought that he is responsible for the deaths of up to 14,000 people, including a leader of the French Resistance Jean Moulin. Barbie ordered the deportation to Auschwitz of 44 Jewish children from an orphanage at Izieu in 1944.
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Auschwitz Package Receipt
2012.1.356c
Pink slip titled "Einlieferungsschein" (deposit slip). Includes writing in blue ink including the name Skutnik Wladyslav and Auchwitz.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Slip acknowledging receipt of a package in Auschwitz
[Related items: 2012.1.356a, 2012.1.356b, 2012.1.356d]
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Memorial Service for Jewish Dead in Madison Square Garden
2014.1.302
Front: A pair of oversize tablets with the Ten Commandments on them are in the background of a large group of people. The group appears to be armymen and civilians, consisting of both men and women, stand in a row with the flags of allied nations behind them. There is a table with three chairs, the men in those chairs facing towards the Ten Commandments. Below them are a group of cantors dressed in all white with hats and tallis on, singing. Back: A glued-on news release describing the event in faded paper. New York, N.Y.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Wire photo with message verso: New York, N.Y.- The stirring spectacle "We will never die," was presented tonight in Madison Square Garden as a memorial for the 2,000,000 murdered Jewish civilians of Europe. Here, during the final scene, cantors sing the Jewish memorial song for the dead. Credit Line (ACME). 3-9-43
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Envelope Addressed to Mademoiselle Lifchitz in Paris, France
2014.1.105
Tan envelope with stamped return address, handwritten address and several hand stamps.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Cover addressed to Deborah Lifchitz at the Musée de l’Homme in Paris in 1943. Deborah (Deba) Lifchitz was a French Jewish linguist, a student of Oriental languages and expert on the Semitic languages of Ethiopia. She worked at the Musée de l’Homme in Paris in the Africa Department. She authored important works on the Ethiopian language. Born in Russia, Deba obtained French citizenship in 1937. With the Nazi occupation of France, she lost her post at the museum. She was arrested by the French police, sent to a French internment camp, and deported to Auschwitz where she perished in 1943.
[Related item: 2014.1.104]
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Rare Letter with Cover from KL (Concentration Camp) Bad Tolz, Subcamp of Dachau
2019.2.112ab
a: Brown envelope with red postal stamp in top right corner with 65 written in pencil to its left.b: two column form letter. Front right column printed on left side is, “Konzentrationslager Dachau 3 K” and to the right of that is handwritten, “An Frau [Kuzmieokiewiez?] Natalia”
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:Bad Tolz was known as a Junkerschule or officer candidate school for training future Waffen-SS (Schutzstaffel). The cover contains the prisoner’s name, his birthdate, and prisoner number and address of Bad Tolz near Munich.
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Assembly and Muster Order of Waffen SS Guard at Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp
2012.1.10
Typewritten certificate titled, "Bereitftellungsfchein" with writing in black ink.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash
Assembly areas refer to gathering places generally, while muster points are evacuation points in the event of an emergency, i.e., safe areas to reach quickly during an emergency.
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German Occupation Feldpost Cover Norway with 'Viktoria' Vignette
2015.2.71ab
Envelope: Green with black ink writing across front and on left side. Black circular hand stamp with Nazi eagle in upper right. Pencil writing beneath. Red V, Victoria pasted stamp between writing in middle and on left. Purple circular hand stamp on bottom left. Address written on flap. Pencil writing on middle left. Letter: Tan paper with message written in black ink. Signature written towards bottom on back of page. Blank space left on bottom.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: This cover and letter was sent in 1943 from Nazi occupied Norway.
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Group of Six Censored Letters to Wife at Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp
2014.1.330a-f
2014.1.330a: Typewritten letter with crease in the middle. Date [12.1943] written in pencil in right corner.2014.1.330b: Typewritten letter with pencil writing above nearly all typed text. Purple stamp at bottom.2014.1.330c: Typewritten letter, date [4.1944] written in pencil in top right corner.2014.1.330d: Handwritten. Date [30.6.1944.2014.1.330e: Typewritten Red stamp with Hitler's profile facing right, and a stamp above it that says 7, 20 at bottom right.2014.1.330f: Typewritten, Date [1.10.1944] written in pencil in the righthand corner.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Group of six letters (one with stamp for use by the receiver) from a loving husband to his wife interned in the women's concentration camp at Ravensbrueck; all censored.
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Military Document Describing Cardinal Gerlier and Arrest of Jews in Lyon, France by Klaus Barbie
2014.1.476ab
Typewritten document with red "Confidenciel" stamp and yellow folder.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Here, Klaus Barbie reports that on February 9, 1943, the "Jewish Committee for Protection of Émigrés and Poor Jews" on 12 Saint Catherine Street in Lyon was closed temporarily. "According to news," he continues, “we have known for a long time that this Committee has been secretly engaged in helping Jews and others reach Switzerland and financing them. The financing comes mostly from the Quaker association." He states that "the famous Cardinal Gerlier of Lyon, has been protecting this association, along with the fugitive R.P. Glasberg." Barbie continues that in a visit to the Committee "we trapped some 90 people, mostly Jews, who possessed false documents and identity cards." They also had currency and jewelry. One Jew who attempted to escape was shot. Barbie concludes that "The chief and organizer of this Committee is the Jew Polak of Lyon."
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Simon Cossen Death Notice From Buchenwald
2012.1.37
Half-page document titled, "Bescheinigung." Includes writing in pencil on front and back.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: A statement that Simon Cossen had camp food from January 1, 1943 to April 1943, whence he died. Signed by the camp attorney with Buchenwald stamps at the bottom. Cossen is indeed noted to have perished on April 13, 1943 in the German State Archives.
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Letter from Dachau Prisoner
2012.1.521
Tan Dachau stationery. Includes printed text with letter-writing rules, as well as printed lines for the letter. The letter is written in green ink.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Letter on Dachau concentration camp stationery signed, "Your father Vlacek." This letter has markings showing censorship by the central mail office in Dachau and has a city postmark of April 14, 1943. As was typical, the inmate stationery bears printed warnings. It is stamped with a red German 12 pfennig stamp bearing the likeness of Nazi Führer Adolf Hitler -- the kind of stamp the rules allowed relatives to send prisoners. There are normal mailing folds, two small holes in the vertical fold well away from the text, a few stains, and small edge splits at the horizontal folds. Printed letter forms were available to many concentration camp prisoners. Unlike inmates of internment camps and prisoner of war camps, concentration camp prisoners had to use a postage stamp in order to send out mail. Regulations printed on the face of this letter say: "Concentration Camp Dachau 3K. The following regulations are to be observed in the correspondence with prisoners. 1) Every prisoner may receive two letters or two cards a month from his relatives and send to them. The letters to the prisoners must be written very readably and be written in ink and may contain only fifteen lines on a page. Permitted is only one sheet of normal size. Envelopes must not be [security] lined. A letter may contain only five stamps at 12 pf. Everything else is forbidden and will be seized. Postcards have ten lines. Pictures may not be used as postcards. 2) Money remittances on postal orders are permitted but they must contain exactly the name and first name, the birth date, and the prisoner number. 3) Newspapers are permitted but may be delivered only through the postal office of the concentration camp Dachau 3K. 4) Packages may be sent through the mail in limited degree. 5) Request for the release from prison that are directed to the camp administration are useless. 6) Permission to talk with the prisoners in the concentration camp are fundamentally not permitted. All mail that does not conform with these regulations will be destroyed. The Camp Commander."
The sender of this letter was not Jewish, and wrote to his family in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Translation: "Dachau 3K, April 11, 1943. Dear wife and children! First of all my heart has greetings and my constant remembering you. And the rest of us... gave me particular pleasure because of her own handwriting and well as with the contents. After my friend praised how pretty she writes. I'm glad that you can take care of everything on your own and that you are all in good health. Tell your parents and your mother that because of the advanced age they should take good care of their health. The father Vasig is perhaps very ill and the brother Martin because he is.... I had a premonition. I hope that they all will get well soon. I am well and I can tell you that I already weigh 57 kilos. Tell Vasig [name] is also in good health. My regards to Mrs. Nasalek in Slapanic and the family Hancina Porseonik. I think all of them and I wish everybody the best. I thank you for the package which I received on April 3rd, which I, according the enclosed list, I have received in good order. All the time you send me good things. How much I would like to repay you. I thank Alois for his work in the vineyard, and say hello to all the neighbors. How is the family Partykona? Do they all work in Brünn? Is there any news of the sister Stepanka in Bosena? You ask me what you should send me. I don't require anything... ordinary, only what you can spare and what doesn't cause you much work or concern. I thank all of you for your attention. The godmother, the parents, and everybody else for their visiting and their concern for our children. I again send you all my greeting, and all including the larger family, with the wish of a fond reunion. Your father Vlacek."
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Gestapo Files of Insurance Rebates of Deceased Jews
2012.1.558
Front: Top right has typewritten date and purple rectangular handstamp with date. Top left has stamped return address. Typewritten form with pencil markings for numbers, and red checks and texts. Includes lists of names, with addresses. Back: Black typewritten message in German. Second to last paragraph outlined with red. Signature in middle with purple hand stamp over it.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
A chilling set of three documents (2012.1.558, 2012.1.559, 2012.1.560) regarding the Nazi appropriation of insurance rebates or refunds from policies once owned by deceased Jews who perished within concentration camps. The first, 2pp. legal folio, Munich, Apr. 29, 1943, lists nine deceased Jews who were "deregistered," "expelled," "deceased" or otherwise no longer insured. The other two documents, 1p. 8vo. each, dated Munich, June 2 and 18, 1943, are regarding the list. Of course, Nazi decrees provided that these funds from "non-aryans" must be forfeited to the government.
[Related items: 2012.1.559, 2012.1.560]
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Envelope Addressed to Marshal Petain
2014.1.183
Front: A tan envelope with writing in black ink. Includes a white and red sticker in the upper right corner, a green postage stamp and several black hand stamps.Back: Return address written in black ink.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Marshal Petain was Chief of State of Vichy, France from 1940-1944.
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Censored Postcard Sent from Nitra, Slovakia, to Red Cross in Madrid, Spain
2014.1.270
Front: Tan postcard with orange printed postcard lines. Includes typewritten address, as well as black, red and purple hand stamps, a blue sticker and markings in black pencil. Also has a brush of blue ink across the left side.Back: Typewritten message with two black hand stamps and various purple pencil markings.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
After the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in 1939, Slovakia partnered with the Axis powers. The Jozef Tiso government was the first to consent to deportation of its Jews. Between March and October of 1942 almost 60,000 Jews were concentrated in labor and concentration camps. Slovak authorities transported the Jews to the Generalgouvernement where the Nazi SS sent most of them to extermination centers. A second wave of deportations occurred at the end of the Slovakian Uprising, from August to October, 1944. German units deported 13,000 Jews to Auschwitz, Theresienstadt and other camps. Many in hiding or fighting with partisan units were murdered by Hlinka Guard units working with the Germans. Approximately 100,000 Slovakian Jews perished during the Holocaust. Moritz Zilz, of Nitra, Slovakia, addresses a censored postcard to the Red Cross in Madrid on May 4, 1943, inquiring about Frieda Honigsbeer. The Yad Vashem Data base of Shoah Victims' Names lists many Zilz family members from Nitra, Slovakia, murdered in the Holocaust. Moritz Zilz is one of them, murdered in Auschwitz.
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Censored Letter from Prisoner in Hertogenbosch Concentration Camp, Saartje Turksma-Cohen, to Dieren, Netherlands
2019.2.292
Letter includes “CONCENTRATIEKAMP ‘S HERTOGENBOSCH AUFFANGLAGER” printed in upper left corner, “K.L. ‘S HERTOGENBOSCH AUFFANGLAGER” printed and underlined at bottom of right side.
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash:
Three-page censored letter from Jewish prisoner Saartje Turksma-Cohen, from Doesburg, Netherlands. She was to be transported with her husband Mozes - four months after writing this letter - to Auschwitz, where she perished September 17, 1943 at the age of 45.
Hertogenbosch, also known as Vught, was a concentration camp located in Vught in the Netherlands. Vught and Natzweiler were the only two concentration camps run by the SS in Western Europe. Hertogenbosch was first utilized in 1943 to supplement the transit camps of Westerbork and Amersfoort before prisoners’ ultimate deportation to extermination centers such as Auschwitz and Sobibor, presuming they had not already perished due to hunger, physical abuse, illness, or murder.
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Military Orders from Theresienstadt
2014.1.441
Sheets with typewritten German text, titled, "Tagesbefehl Nr. 324."
Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: Daily orders distributed through the concentration camp including information about new transports that arrived with new prisoners, electricity savings, camp behavior regulations, turning off the light, rising time; signed by Der Aeltestenrat.