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remarkable progress in scientific

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research was made

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in the medieval islamic world in a short

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period of time the islamic world became

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a center of research and scholarship

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with religion playing a key factor in

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supporting the pursuit of knowledge

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in fact religion and science often went

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hand in hand

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with scholars often serving as both

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scientific

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and religious leaders muslim rulers

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themselves

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often funded observatories and

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scientific studies

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islam's encouragement of reasoning

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acquiring knowledge

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and studying nature led to the golden

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age of islam

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a period of economic cultural and

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scientific flourishing

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between the 8th and the 15th centuries

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there are many verses in the quran which

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encourage logic

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reasoning learning seeking knowledge and

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studying nature

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as a sign of god's creation and power

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for example

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the first revealed verse in the quran

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says

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read in the name of thy lord who created

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man from a clot

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read and thy lord is the most generous

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who taught by the pen

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taught man that which he knew not

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ideas of reason and seeking to

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understand the world around you

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are represented in verses such as thus

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does allah make clear to you his verses

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that you might use

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reason in fact it is made clear that

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seeking knowledge is an integral part of

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being a practicing muslim

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as the quran states that whoever has

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been given wisdom has certainly been

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given much good

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and none will grasp the message except

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the people of understanding

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another verse states indeed in the

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creation of the heavens and the earth

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and the alteration of the night and the

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day are

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signs for those of understanding

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the arabic word for verse ayat refers to

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both the verses of the quran and verses

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in the universe

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and encourages practicing muslims to

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analyze both the quran

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and the world around them thus the

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teachings of islam

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encourage scientific exploration

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allowing for islamic scholarship to

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flourish

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in addition to the encouragement of

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seeking knowledge by the quran

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islam also presented new religious

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obligations which required precise

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mathematical calculations

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the second pillar of islam salah

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requires practicing muslims to pray five

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times a day

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these prayer times are determined by the

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position of the sun

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and thus changed by the location on

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earth and the seasons of the year

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therefore they need to be calculated for

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each day of the year and for every

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location on earth

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this new requirement led to the creation

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of

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or the signs of time keeping as well as

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muakits

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or timekeepers astronomers who

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specialized in calculating daily prayer

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times

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in addition to calculating prayer times

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according to the position of the sun

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practicing muslims must also know the

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direction of their prayer

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during prayer practicing muslims face

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the kaaba

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located in mecca and indicated by qibla

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calculating the direction of prayer

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requires complicated spherical

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trigonometry to solve

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as mathematicians such as abruni had to

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account for the curvature of the earth

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lastly islam also presented new

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complications regarding the division of

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money

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the third pillar of islam zakat refers

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to the community's share of private

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wealth

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it is paid on the accumulated wealth

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beyond basic necessities

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the rate of zakat changes between 2.5

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percent to 20

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depending on the type of the asset in

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addition to calculating zakat

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in al farahid or the science of

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obligations was developed to divide

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inheritance according to the islamic

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traditions in achawarismi's book on

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algebra

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he states that one of the purposes of

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his text

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was to help calculate zakat and

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inheritance

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in fact more than half of his book is

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devoted to inheritance problems

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the close relationship between religion

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and the pursuit of knowledge in medieval

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islamic society

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allowed for scholarship to flourish it

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also presented new

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challenges which previous civilizations

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had not faced

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such as the calculation of prayer times

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and the qibla problem

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to solve these problems islamic scholars

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invented new mathematics

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ultimately the golden age of islam is a

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prime example of religion and science

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being brought together to create new

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innovations

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which not only benefited contemporary

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medieval islamic society

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but would also change the world forever